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Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, ALS or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive disease that gets over a period of time. The main target organ system of this disease is the nervous system, affecting the brain and the spinal cord causing loss of control of voluntary muscles. As the name suggests, voluntary muscles are the set of muscles whose movement is under our own control. Due to the effect of ALs, the muscles in the body become weak, and gets difficult to do even the mundane chores like eating, walking, talking, and ultimately even breathing. The history of ALS dates back to 1869 when it was first discovered by a French doctor, Jean-Martin Charcot. In the early 1930s, a famous basketball player by the name of Lou Gehrig was also diagnosed with ALS.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mainly affects the motor neurons. Motor neurons are the special nerve cells that carry messages or signals from the brain to the spinal cord and finally to the muscles of various parts of the body. Two types of motor neurons called upper motor neurons ( nerve cells found in the brain ) and lower motor neurons ( nerve cells found in the spinal cord) control all the voluntary actions of the body. In ALS, these motor neurons begin to die as a result of which the muscles cannot get the appropriate signals to function properly. As time passes by, the muscles don’t work at all and lose control of their movement.
The symptoms vary from individual to individual and depend on the specific area of the brain which is affected.
- Difficulty in swallowing
- Slurry speech and hoarseness of voice
- Tongue atrophy
- Excessive emotional reactions like too much laughing or crying
- Twitching
- Excessive salivation
- Labored breathing
- Limp or flaccid muscles
Initial symptoms may affect the ability to do the daily chores like walking, inability to get up from the chair, difficulty in climbing stairs, etc but as the disease progresses; loss of senses, bowel function, and urinary tract takes place. Eventually, the diaphragm muscles become so weak that even breathing becomes difficult. This is the cause of death in many ALS patients within 5 years of being diagnosed with the disease. ALS may also affect cognitive, decision making, and behavioral functions like dementia.
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